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Sexual system of the ascomycetes from order Pezizales
Janošík, Lukáš ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Čmoková, Adéla (referee)
Sexual reproduction is essential part of life for numerous ascomycetes. Based on their requirement for opposite partner to produce fruiting bodies with ascospores, fungi can be in general divided into two mating systems - homothallism and heterothallism. However, several recent studies suggest that this division is clearly simplified and homothallism is an umbrella term for diverse sexual behaviours. First part of this thesis is focused on the reproduction, mating systems and their evolution in division Ascomycota. The main part summarizes present knowledge about the mating systems of the fungi from order Pezizales. Observations about the members of individual families are discussed, summed up and reviewed in the light of phylogeny and ecology.
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Diversity and taxonomy of Trichoderma in the Czech Republic
Valinová, Šárka ; Kubátová, Alena (advisor) ; Nováková, Alena (referee)
Genus Trichoderma - anamorph of the genus Hypocrea (Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) belongs to saprotrophic filamentous micromycetes. The representatives of this genus are known primarily as cosmopolitan inhabitants of soil ecosystems, including leaf litter and woody debris. This work summarizes the results of the study of isolates belonging to the genus Trichoderma originating from the territory of the Czech Republic, mainly from soil and leaf litter. During the study, altogether 267 isolates were analysed. For all of the isolates the following methods were used: phenotypic characterisation, UP-PCR fingerprinting, gene sequencing in tef 1α and ITS regions, and in the strain AK 115/00 also in rpb2 region. The main result of the study was the identification of 21 species of genus Trichoderma belonging into 4 groups and discovery of one isolate of species yet unknown to science. Species T. crassum, T. gamsii, T. ghanense, T. rossicum and T. longipile were found in the Czech Republic for the first time. According to the literature review and results of this study, 34 different Trichoderma species is currently known from the Czech Republic. In the work there is also discussed low reliability of identification of certain species based only on phenotypic characters. Key words:...
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Evolution of ascospore morphology and their dispersal in bryophilous Pezizales
Janošík, Lukáš ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Trávníček, Pavel (referee)
Bryophilous Pezizales represent a species-rich group of fungi closely associated with bryophytes. Their ascospore morphology is highly variable and they strongly differ also in the genome size and ecology. They could thus represent an interesting model system for the research of evolution of ascospore morphology and their dispersal. The aims of my thesis were to test whether their genome size, number of nuclei in ascospores and ecology of host bryophyte influence their ascospore morphology and to experimentally test the effect of ascospore morphology on their active dispersal. I studied 52 species of bryophilous Pezizales. I reconstructed their phylogeny based on the sequences of three DNA regions, which I then used for the testing of relationships between individual variables using the phylogenetic generalized least squares. For the majority of species, I obtained measurements from morphometric analysis, genome size measurements using flow cytometry, and determined the number of nuclei in their ascospores using the fluorescent microscopy. I localised the infection apparatus and included also the ecological characteristics of the host bryophytes into the analyses. Using the experiments with horizontal ascospore discharge, I measured the distance of active ascospore ejection and recorded whether...
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Výskyt patogenů v porostu řepy
Toman, Jiří
In my bachelor´s thesis I present an overwiew of sugar beet diseases, surrounding places of Kostelec na Hané in the Olomouc region. I observed viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. I noted the largest number of fungal diseases, especially: Cercospora beticola, Phoma betae and Alternaria tenuis, Viral and bacterial diseases I observed only on a small scale and some others pathogens like Peronospora farinosa f.sp. betae and Strep-tomyces sp., i have not seen at all.
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Houby revitalizovaného rašeliniště Soumarský Most
MATYSKOVÁ, Pavlína
This thesis is concerned with monitoring of fungal fruiting bodies and environmental factors influencing their occurrence (vegetation, pH, conductivity, water level and peat level) on 11 permanent areas, in three main vegetation types (Pine mire forests with Vaccinium, succession stage with high level of ground water and succession stage with low level of ground water) on the revitalized peat bog Soumarský Most. The total number of 104 fungal species were recorded, of which 79 belong to Basidiomycota (areas 9x9 m) and 35 belong to Ascomycota (inner areas 3x3 m). The highest Ascomycota species richness was found in succession stage with a high level of groundwater, whereas the highest Basidiomycota species richness was found in succession stage with a low level of groundwater. The occurrence of Ascomycota fruiting bodies was influenced by water level while the occurence of Basidiomycota fruiting bodies by the thickness of peat and the occurrence of Pinus rotundata.
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Sexual system of the ascomycetes from order Pezizales
Janošík, Lukáš ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Čmoková, Adéla (referee)
Sexual reproduction is essential part of life for numerous ascomycetes. Based on their requirement for opposite partner to produce fruiting bodies with ascospores, fungi can be in general divided into two mating systems - homothallism and heterothallism. However, several recent studies suggest that this division is clearly simplified and homothallism is an umbrella term for diverse sexual behaviours. First part of this thesis is focused on the reproduction, mating systems and their evolution in division Ascomycota. The main part summarizes present knowledge about the mating systems of the fungi from order Pezizales. Observations about the members of individual families are discussed, summed up and reviewed in the light of phylogeny and ecology.
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Hyaloscyphaceae - current view on phylogeny and diverzity
Bundová, Kateřina ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Šandová, Markéta (referee)
The family Hyaloscyphaceae (Helotiales) includes microscopic species of fungi characterized by sessile apothecium with excipular hairs; these hairs are very important in taxonomy of the group. Most species of the family are saprobes and these saprobic species grow on herbaceous or woody litter, most often they grow on fallen needles, cones and stems of coniferous wood. Distribution of the family is cosmopolitan and has center of occurence in temperate and boreal forests, however members of the family also occur in tropic and subtropic forests. This family is probably a polyphyletic group of several lineages and needs to be analyzed further. The aim of this bachelor's thesis is to organize and compare the views on phylogeny of Hyaloscyphaceae, from the first morphological studies until the current molecular studies, and then to summarize all the genera of fungi which belong to this family. And to describe ecological and species diversity.
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Diversity and taxonomy of Trichoderma in the Czech Republic
Valinová, Šárka ; Kubátová, Alena (advisor) ; Nováková, Alena (referee)
Genus Trichoderma - anamorph of the genus Hypocrea (Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) belongs to saprotrophic filamentous micromycetes. The representatives of this genus are known primarily as cosmopolitan inhabitants of soil ecosystems, including leaf litter and woody debris. This work summarizes the results of the study of isolates belonging to the genus Trichoderma originating from the territory of the Czech Republic, mainly from soil and leaf litter. During the study, altogether 267 isolates were analysed. For all of the isolates the following methods were used: phenotypic characterisation, UP-PCR fingerprinting, gene sequencing in tef 1α and ITS regions, and in the strain AK 115/00 also in rpb2 region. The main result of the study was the identification of 21 species of genus Trichoderma belonging into 4 groups and discovery of one isolate of species yet unknown to science. Species T. crassum, T. gamsii, T. ghanense, T. rossicum and T. longipile were found in the Czech Republic for the first time. According to the literature review and results of this study, 34 different Trichoderma species is currently known from the Czech Republic. In the work there is also discussed low reliability of identification of certain species based only on phenotypic characters. Key words:...
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Confirmation of \kur{Beauveria caledonica} occurence in Šumava National park by molecular markers
BINDER, Richard
Biological plant protection against insect pests is an important alternative to chemical protection. One of the most important group used in the biological plant protection against insect pests are the entomopathogenic fungi. Entomopathogenic fungi are microscopic fungi that are able to induce a primary disease to insect pests. It is a very heterogeneous group of species. Worldwide there were isolated and described more than 750 species of entomopathogenic fungi. Genus Beauveria is considered one of the most important genera of entomopathogenic fungi. In the Czech Republic there has been confirmed species B. bassiana, B. brongniartii and now, on the basis of this work, B. caledonica. This study is aimed to confirm the occurrence of B. caledonica in National Park Šumava. To confirm this occurrence, I used analyzes based on the methods of molecular markers. Molecular markers are an indispensable part of science in the field of mycology, for example the strain characterization, population genetics, detection and identification of fungi, phylogenetic studies and evolutionary biology. For this study there were used sequence analysis of ITS, EF1- and LSU regions. The output data of these analyzes were used to create phylogenetic trees. The result of my thesis is taxonomical classification of studied isolates on species level.
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